Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer death in the world and is estimated to have been responsible for almost 935,000 deaths during 2020. Objective: Describe clinicopathological features, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in CRC patients under 30 years. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study in patients under 30 years diagnosed with CRC. Results: From 2017 to 2021, 1823 patients were diagnosed with CRC, of which 54 (2.96%) were under 30 years. The OS, during 4 years, was 41.5%. The clinical stage found IV (hazard ratio [HR]: 6.212; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.504-15.414; p < 0.001), giving neoadjuvant therapy (HR: 0.705; 95% CI: 0.499-0.996; p = 0.047) and no medical history of Lynch syndrome (HR: 3.925; 95% CI: 1.355-11.364; p = 0.012) are independent predictors of mortality. The PFS, during 4 years, was 21.3%. Clinical stage IV (HR: 2.418; 95% CI: 1.000-5.850; p < 0.050), and no diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (HR: 3.800; 95% CI: 1.398-10.326; p = 0.009) are independent predictors. Conclusions: Younger patients are usually diagnosed with CRC in advanced stages. Early symptoms and evaluation, irrespective of age, are crucial.

Resumen Antecedentes: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo y se estima que fue responsable de casi 935,000 muertes durante el año 2020. Objetivo: Describir las características clinicopatológicas, la supervivencia global (SG) y la supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP) en pacientes con CCR menores de 30 años. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de CCR menores de 30 años. Resultados: Entre 2017 y 2021 se diagnosticaron 1823 pacientes con CCR, de los cuales 54 (2.96%) eran menores de 30 años. La SG a 4 años fue del 41.5%. Se encontró que la etapa clínica IV (hazard ratio [HR]: 6.212; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2.504-15.414; p < 0.001), recibir tratamiento neoadyuvante (HR: 0.705; IC95%: 0.499-0.996; p = 0.047) y no tener antecedente de síndrome de Lynch (HR:3.925; IC95%: 1.355-11.364; p = 0.012) son predictores de mortalidad independientes. La SLP a 4 años fue del 21.3%. La etapa clínica IV (HR: 2.418; IC95%: 1.000-5.850; p < 0.050) y el no contar con diagnóstico de síndrome de Lynch (HR: 3.800; IC95%: 1.398-10.326; p = 0.009) son predictores independientes. Conclusiones: Los pacientes jóvenes son diagnosticados con CCR en etapas avanzadas. Los síntomas iniciales, junto con la evaluación, independientemente de la edad, son cruciales.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la sobrevida a un año en pacientes postoperados de glioblastoma en un hospital del noreste de México. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte. Se incluyeron pacientes operados de glioblastoma entre 2016 y 2019. Se obtuvo la información sobre factores clínicos y quirúrgicos, se calculó la sobrevida mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier. El análisis descriptivo se realizó con medianas y rangos, y el inferencial con prueba de χ2, Fisher, t de Student, razón de momios e intervalo de confianza al 95%. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 62 pacientes con glioblastoma, 27 (43.5%) mujeres y 35 (56.5%) hombres, mediana de edad de 56 años (rango: 6-83). La mediana de sobrevida fue de 3.6 meses (1-52), 45 (72.6%) sobrevivieron menos de 12 meses. Los factores asociados a mayor sobrevida fueron: administración de tratamiento adyuvante (p < 0.001), mejor estado funcional (p = 0.001) y ausencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas (p = 0.034). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con glioblastoma sobreviven menos de 12 meses y los factores más fuertemente asociados a mayor sobrevida son administración de tratamiento adyuvante, mejor estado funcional del paciente y ausencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas.

Abstract Objective: To identify factors associated with one-year survival in postoperative glioblastoma patients at a hospital in northeastern Mexico. Material and methods: Nested case-control study. Patients operated on for glioblastoma between 2016-2019 were included. Information about clinical and surgical factors was obtained, survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Descriptive analysis was performed with medians and ranges, and inferential analysis with χ2, Fisher and Student t test, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sixty-two patients with glioblastoma were included, 27 (43.5%) women and 35 (56.5%) men, median age 56 years (range: 6-83). Median survival was 3.6 months (1-52), 45 (72.6%) survived less than 12 months. The factors associated with a higher survival were administration of adjuvant treatment (p < 0.001), better functional status (p = 0.001), and absence of post-surgical complications (p = 0.034). Conclusions: Most patients with glioblastoma survive less than 12 months and the factors most strongly associated with longer survival are administration of adjuvant treatment, better functional status of the patient and absence of post-surgical complications.

ABSTRACT Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oleaginous plant of economic importance due to its different industrial applications. Edaphic characteristics are used to determine the viability of places considered as suitable to obtain castor oil. The objectives of this study were to determine the edaphic characteristics and oil content of R. communis, and to evaluate elicitation with salicylic acid (SA) in El Marqués, Querétaro, Mexico. Sampling was carried out in a direct way, selecting sites where castor bean plants were found. Samples of 1.5 kg of soil were taken and 3 clusters of castor bean in a mature state were collected from 21 accessions. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil and oil content of seeds were determined. Finally, 300 plants of the Guanajuatoil variety were planted and elicitated with different SA concentrations under greenhouse conditions in order to determine oil content. The physical analysis of the soil samples indicated dark-colored soils, Mollisol and Vertisol types, with different textures: clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam. Soil chemical analyses showed the following soil characteristics: pH 7.22; electrical conductivity 0.52 dS m-1; organic matter 7.17%; cation exchange capacity 26.77; calcium 38.62, magnesium 6.81, sodium 13.41and potassium 6.97 cmol kg-1; and nitrogen and phosphorus contents of 16.32 and 54 mg kg-1, respectively. Castor oil content was higher in clay soils (41.46%). The plants elicited with SA presented oil contents ranging from 28.99% to 52.9%, obtained with 100 and 900 ^M. In conclusion, elicitation with SA is an adequate method to increase oil content in castor bean seeds. The locality of El Marqués has good potential for the production of castor oil.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with pregnancy increases the risk of maternal and fetal complications. Objective: To determine perinatal morbidity and mortality of children born to mothers with mild and moderate CKD during pregnancy. Methods: Retrospective study of medical records of women with mild and moderate CKD during pregnancy cared for at La Raza National Medical Center between 2010 and 2016. Results: There were 142 patients, 99 (69.72 %) with mild CKD and 43 (30.28 %) with moderate CKD; 79 neonates (55.63 %) reached full term, 28 (19.71 %) had growth restriction; 44 (30.98 %), low birth weight and 54 (38.02 %) were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); four women (4.04 %) had an abortion; in four (2.81 %), their children had intrauterine death, and in 10 (7.04 %), neonatal death. High blood pressure (OR = 6.93) and hemoglobin < 11 g/dL (OR = 2.48) were risk factors for prematurity. Conclusion: A relationship was found between anemia and blood pressure levels and risk for prematurity, low Apgar and NICU admission.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad renal (ER) crónica asociada al embarazo incrementa el riesgo de complicaciones maternas y fetales. Objetivo: Determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal del hijo de madre con enfermedad renal leve y moderada del embarazo. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de expedientes de mujeres con ER leve y moderada del embarazo atendidas en el Centro Médico Nacional La Raza entre 2010 y 2016. Resultados: Se trató de 142 pacientes, 99 (69.72 %) con ER leve y 43 (30.28 %) con ER moderada; 79 (55.63 %) neonatos llegaron a término, 28 (19.71 %) presentaron restricción de crecimiento; 44 (30.98 %), peso bajo al nacimiento y 54 (38.02 %) ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales; cuatro (4.04 %) mujeres presentaron aborto, en cuatro (2.81 %) sus hijos presentaron muerte intrauterina y en 10 (7.04 %), muerte neonatal. La presión arterial alta (RM = 6.93) y la hemoglobina < 11g/dL (RM = 2.48) constituyeron factores de riesgo para prematurez. Conclusión: Se encontró relación entre la anemia y las cifras de tensión arterial como riesgo para prematurez, Apgar bajo e ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales.

Summary: The agricultural management of the soil in zones of hillside of the rain forest of Mexico, determines erosion and changes on physical and biological soil properties. The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical and biological characteristics, in the milpa intercropped system in fruit trees (MIAF) and compare this with traditional agricultural and conservation tillage systems. The soils of the donor and recipient parts of the MIAF, of the traditional milpa and of the manageable with conservation tillage, are sampled; the chemical and biological characteristics in the soils of Axochío, San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. The results indicate that the MIAF system improves groups of microorganisms, in addition to a pH closer to neutrality, higher content of organic matter, inorganic N, total N, total P, extractables P and K in filter zone.

Resumen: El manejo agrícola del suelo en zonas de laderas del trópico húmedo de México, determina los procesos erosivos e influye en las propiedades químicas y biológicas. En el presente estudio se evaluó el impacto del sistema de milpa intercalada con árboles frutales (MIAF) sobre las propiedades químicas y biológicas, en comparación con los sistemas de manejo agrícola tradicional y de labranza de conservación. Se muestrearon los suelos de las partes donadoras y receptoras del MIAF, de la milpa tradicional y de labranza de conservación para medir; N, P, K, CO2, MO, índice de Shannon y AWCD en suelos de Axochío, San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. Los resultados indican que el sistema MIAF mejoró la actividad metabólica de grupos funcionales de microorganismos en la zona de recepción y filtro de sedimentos; en comparación con la zona media y donadora de sedimentos del MIAF y con los sistemas de agricultura tradicional y labranza de conservación. Además, en la zona del filtro, se observó un pH más cercano a la neutralidad, mayor contenido de MO, N inorgánico, N total, P total, P extractable y K.

Abstract Case Report: This is a 19-year-old male with bilateral external rectus muscle palsy secundary to trauma. During treatment, an inadvertent intraocular injection of botulinum toxin was present, causing a retinal tear and localized retinal detachment. Both lesions were delimited with laser observing a spontaneous resolution of the detachment without presenting visual impairment during the follow-up. Discussion: Although intraocular botulinum toxin does not generate retinal toxicity, inadvertent intraocular injection should be closely monitored to avoid complications secondary to perforation.

Resumen Caso clínico: Se trata de un paciente masculino de 19 años con paresia bilateral del músculo recto externo secundario a un traumatismo craneoencefálico. Durante su tratamiento se produjo una inyección intraocular inadvertida de toxina botulínica, ocasionando un desgarro retiniano y desprendimiento de retina localizado. Ambas lesiones fueron delimitadas con láser, observándose una resolución espontánea del desprendimiento sin presentar deterioro visual durante el seguimiento. Discusión: A pesar de que la toxina botulínica intraocular no genera toxicidad a nivel retiniano, la inyección intraocular inadvertida debe ser vigilada de manera estrecha para evitar complicaciones secundarias a la perforación.

Abstract: Cerro El Potosi (El Potosí Hill) (CPO) has an elevation gradient from 2 200 to 3 719 m and is the habitat of a variety of conifers. The objectives of this study were to 1) integrate a dendrochronological network composed of Pinus culminicola, Pinus hartwegii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Pinus greggii; 2) develop a representative rainfall reconstruction, and 3) analyze the influence of atmospheric circulation phenomena on the interannual and multiannual rainfall variability at CPO. In order to fulfill these objectives, four climate-sensitive chronologies were developed, the longest one (1420-2010) being for Pinus hartwegii, and the shortest (1850-2010), for Pinus greggii. The association between chronologies indicates a common climatic signal, as corroborated by the Principal Component Analysis. A representative chronology for different elevations of CPO covering the 1700-2010 period was developed and used to reconstruct the January-September seasonal precipitation. The driest years in the reconstruction were 1785 and 1801, while the wettest years were 1791, 1832, and 1911. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was found to exert a significant influence on rainfall (r= 0.53, p<0.01), through the Tropical Rainfall Index (TRI). The influence of hurricanes detected on the late wood chronologies indicates the potential to analyze the historical impact of this atmospheric disturbance on the production of ecosystem services for the region.

Resumen: El Cerro Potosí (CPO) se caracteriza por un gradiente altitudinal de 2 200 a 3 719 m y por ser hábitat de diversas coníferas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) generar una red dendrocronológica de Pinus culminicola, Pinus hartwegii, Pseudotsuga menziesii y Pinus greggii; 2) desarrollar una reconstrucción de lluvia estacional; y 3) determinar la influencia de fenómenos atmosféricos de circulación general sobre la variabilidad interanual y multianual de la precipitación en CPO. Para lograr esos objetivos, con métodos dendrocronológicos se generaron cuatro cronologías climáticamente sensitivas; la más extensa (1420-2010) fue de Pinus hartwegii, y las más corta (1850-2010), de Pinus greggii. La asociación entre series dendrocronológicas mostró una respuesta climática común y mediante componentes principales. Se integró una serie representativa de los diversos estratos de elevación, que cubre el período 1700-2010. La reconstrucción de lluvia estacional enero-septiembre detectó que los años más secos fueron 1785 y 1801, y los más húmedos, 1791, 1832 y 1911, con una influencia significativa (r= 0.53, p<0.01) del Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO), a través del índice de lluvia tropical (TRI). La influencia de huracanes detectada en las series de madera tardía constituye una alternativa para analizar, históricamente, la influencia de estos fenómenos atmosféricos en el crecimiento de las especies y en la producción de servicios hidrológicos para la región.

Abstract: Increasing public concern about negative environmental effects of agricultural practices like conventional chemical fertilization has promoted the evaluation of alternatives like the use of organic nutrient solutions. This study evaluated the effect on fruit yield and commercial and nutraceutical qualities of fresh tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits grown under greenhouse conditions fertilized with nutrient solutions prepared from organic materials. Treatments were: a) Inorganic nutritive solution (Steiner); b) Compost tea; c) Vermicompost tea; and d) Vermicompost leachate. Highest fruit yield derived from fertilization with inorganic solution. However, highest antioxidant capacity, soluble solids content and phenolic content were obtained with organic nutrient solutions. Fresh tomatoes obtained with vermicompost leachate had the best nutraceutical quality, higher phenolic content and higher antioxidant capacity, than the inorganically fertilized fruits. Vermicompost leachate is a feasible fertilization alternative for tomato production under greenhouse conditions.

Resumen: La creciente preocupación pública de los efectos de la fertilización sobre el ambiente, ha promovido la utilización de prácticas agrícolas sostenibles; como el uso de soluciones nutritivas orgánicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres soluciones nutritivas preparadas con materiales orgánicos sobre el rendimiento, y la calidad comercial y nutracéutica de frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivados bajo condiciones de invernadero. Los tratamientos aplicados fueron: a) Solución nutritiva inorgánica (Steiner); b) Té de compost; c) Té de vermicompost; y d) Lixiviado de vermicompost. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo utilizando la solución inorgánica; sin embargo, la más alta capacidad antioxidante, contenido de sólidos solubles y fenólicos se obtuvieron con las soluciones nutritivas orgánicas. Los frutos de tomate obtenidos con el lixiviado de vermicompost mostraron la mejor calidad nutracéutica, al obtener mayor contenido fenólico y capacidad antioxidante que los frutos obtenidos inorgánicamente. El uso del lixiviado de vermicompost es una alternativa viable de fertilización para la producción de tomate bajo condiciones de invernadero.

Legume-Rhizobium interaction depends on a complex signal exchange that continues throughout the entire symbiotic process, out of which just the correct combination will give rise to an efficient symbiosis. These plants secrete flavonoids that are recognized by compatible bacteria inducing their nod genes, which encode proteins that synthesize and export lipochitooligosaccharides called Nod factors. These factors activate infection process and initiate cell division in the root until making up the nodule and also participate in nitrogen biological fixation. There is evidence that the use of nod gene inducers increases some legume nodulation. The objective of this work was to study the production of some signal molecules induced by genistein isoflavon in a R. leguminosarum strain as well as to evaluate induction impact on inoculum effect upon common bean plants. Inoculum lipid fraction was isolated with n-butanol and analyzed by thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Regarding the inocula induced with genistein, a higher amount of lipooligosaccharides (Nod factors) and high-molecular-weight fatty acids were detected, showing significant differences with non-induced controls. Concerning such signal molecule enrichment, genistein-induced inocula had a positive effect on “Cubacueto 25-9” bean plants, with a higher amount of nodules and chlorophyll content than non-inoculated plants (control)

La interacción Rhizobium-leguminosas depende de un complejo intercambio de señales, que se mantiene durante todo el proceso simbiótico y de las que solamente una combinación correcta permitirá una simbiosis eficiente. Estas plantas secretan flavonoides, reconocidos por bacterias compatibles y que inducen sus genes nod. Estos codifican las proteínas que sintetizan y exportan lipoquitooligosacáridos conocidos como factores Nod. Los factores Nod activan los procesos de infección e inician la división celular en la raíz, hasta la formación del nódulo y participan también en la fijación biológica del nitrógeno. Existen evidencias de que el uso de inductores de los genes nod incrementa la nodulación en algunas leguminosas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la producción de algunas moléculas señales, inducidas por la isoflavona genisteína en una cepa de R. leguminosarum y evaluar el impacto de esa inducción en el efecto del inóculo sobre plantas de frijol común. La fracción lipídica en los inóculos fue extraída con n-butanol y analizada por cromatografía de capa fina, cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas. En los inóculos inducidos con genisteína se detectó una cantidad superior de lipooligosacáridos (factores de nodulación) y de ácidos grasos de alto peso molecular, con diferencias significativas respecto a los controles sin inducir. En relación con ese enriquecimiento en moléculas señales, los inóculos inducidos con genisteína, mostraron un efecto positivo en las plantas de frijol de la variedad Cubacueto 25-9, con mayor número de nódulos y contenido de clorofila que las plantas no inoculadas (control)

INTRODUCTION Climate variability, the primary expression of climate change, is one of the most important environmental problems affecting human health, particularly vector-borne diseases. Despite research efforts worldwide, there are few studies addressing the use of information on climate variability for prevention and early warning of vector-borne infectious diseases. OBJECTIVES Show the utility of climate information for vector surveillance by developing spatial models using an entomological indicator and information on predicted climate variability in Cuba to provide early warning of danger of increased risk of dengue transmission. METHODS An ecological study was carried out using retrospective and prospective analyses of time series combined with spatial statistics. Several entomological and climatic indicators were considered using complex Bultó indices -1 and -2. Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation coefficient specified for a matrix of neighbors with a radius of 20 km, was used to identify the spatial structure. Spatial structure simulation was based on simultaneous autoregressive and conditional autore-gressive models; agreement between predicted and observed values for number of Aedes aegypti foci was determined by the concordance index Di and skill factor Bi. RESULTS Spatial and temporal distributions of populations of Aedes aegypti were obtained. Models for describing, simulating and predicting spatial patterns of Aedes aegypti populations associated with climate variability patterns were put forward. The ranges of climate variability affecting Aedes aegypti populations were identified. Forecast maps were generated for the municipal level. CONCLUSIONS Using the Bultó indices of climate variability, it is possible to construct spatial models for predicting increased Aedes aegypti populations in Cuba. At 20 × 20 km resolution, the models are able to provide warning of potential changes in vector populations in rainy and dry seasons and by month, thus demonstrating the usefulness of climate information for epidemiological surveillance.

Introduction: accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances is a frequent cause of poisoning worldwide. Statistical reports show a predominance of poisoning by psycholeptics and pesticides, but poisoning by toxic plants is also frequently treated at emergency services. Objective: characterize the incidence and morbidity of acute poisoning by toxic plants as reported by Villa Clara Toxicology Center (CENTOX-VC) and identify the types of causal plants, place of residence of the poisoned patient and most frequent poisoning type. Methods: an observational retrospective descriptive study was conducted at Villa Clara Clinical Toxicology Center in Cuba during the four years following the founding of the Center (2008-2011). The variables considered were age, municipality and/or province, causal toxic plant, causes of the poisoning episode and manner of exposure. Results: seventy patients were cared for at the emergency service for poisoning by toxic plants (8.22 %). The highest incidence was found in the year 2009 with 47 patients (67.1 %). There was a predominance of the 5-14 age range and the male sex (57.1 %). The most frequent causal agents were walnut tree (Aleurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst) (52.9 %), physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) (14.3 %), sandbox tree (Hura crepitans L.) (12.9%) and queen sago (Cycas circinalis L.) (10 %). A predominance was observed of unintentional poisoning (94.3 %) and oral intake (95.8 %). The highest incidence was found in the municipality of Cifuentes with 37 patients (52.8 %). Conclusions: a characterization is provided of poisoning by toxic plants which includes reference to its incidence and morbidity, the groups most frequently affected (children and adolescents and the male sex), and manner of exposure (unintentional by oral intake). These contents will be useful to health professionals managing poisoning episodes. Further studies should be conducted and dissemination activities performed with a view to reducing the morbidity of these events.

Caracterización molecular y germinación de semillas de maíces criollos azules con envejecimiento acelerado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto del envejecimiento acelerado en semillas de variedades criollas de maíz azul. En los laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, semillas de cuatro variedades criollas de maíz azul (Cuijingo, Cocotitlán, Puebla y Oaxaca), se sometieron a dos tipos de envejecimie nto acelerado: calor húmedo (41°C, 72 horas y 100% h. r.) y calor seco (60°C, 48 horas). Se evaluaron: protrusión radicular de 0 a 72 horas de imbibición y, a los siete días de incubación a 25°C, plántulas normales, anormales y semillas muertas. Se obtuvo la caracterización molecular de los tratamientos mediante la RAPD y se construyeron los dendogramas respectivos. En plántulas normales provenientes de semillas sin envejecimiento acelerado, las variedades Oaxaca y Puebla fueron significativamente superiores. El peso seco en las plántulas disminuyó con el deterioro, siendo exigua con calor seco. La presencia de plántulas anormales se incrementó con ambos tipos de deterioro en el orden: Oaxaca, Puebla, Cocotitlán y Cuijingo. La diferenciación de los perfiles de bandeo entre semillas testigo y deterioradas ocurrió con la secuencia: Oaxaca (31,6%), Cocotitlán (25,8%), Puebla (19,6%) y Cuijingo (18,6%). Estos valores de similitud, a los cuales se ramificaron los perfiles genómicos, se asociaron de manera inversa con el nivel de vigor de las semillas, y directamente con la presencia de anormalidades en las plántulas obtenidas.

Molecular characterization and seed germination of blue corn landraces with accelerated aging. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of accelerated aging on seeds of blue corn landraces. The study was conducted in the laboratorie s of National Polytechnic Institute and National University of México. See ds of four blue corn landraces (Cuijingo, Cocotitlán, Puebla and Oaxaca), were subjected to accelerated aging treatments: humid heat (HH, 41°C, 72 h, and 100% r. h.), and dry heat (DH, 60°C, 48 h. The parameters measured were: radicle protrusion (RP) in at 0 to 72 h of imbibition, and after seven days of incubation at 25°C, normal seedlings (NS), abnormal seedlings (AS), and dead seeds (DS) were counted. The molecular characterization by RAPD was also performed and the respective dendrograms were constructed. In normal seedlings obtained from seeds without accelerated ageing, the varieties Oaxaca and Puebla were significantly superior. Seedling dry weight diminished with deterioration, being minimum under dry heat. The number of abnormal seedlings increased under both deterioration treatments, in the order Oaxaca, Puebla, Cocotitlán and Cuijingo. Differentiation of the band profiles among control and deteriorated seeds occurred in the sequence: Oaxaca (31,6%), Cocotitlán (25,8%), Puebla (19,6%) and Cuijingo (18,6%). These similarity values were inversely related to seed vigour, and irectly related to the presence of abnormalities in seedlings.

Objective. To describe the Mesial Temporal Lobe Sclerosis (MTS), in relation to its anatomical, clinical, iconographic, neurophysiologic, neuro psychologic, and surgical aspects, in reference to the epilepsy cases that needed a surgical resolution. Additionally, it's realized a statistical analysis of our series and its results. Material and methods. From the series of 469 patients (115 adults and 354 children) operated on between 1989 and 2007, at National Pediatrics . Dr. Juan Garrahan, FLENI, Dr. Cosme Argerich, and Prof. Dr. R. Rossi Hospitals; who harbored Refractory Epilepsy ; were analyzed 91 cases (19,4%) with the diagnosis of MTS; 38 patients belong to the pediatric group and 53 were adults. Results. The results were evaluated by the Engel score. Applying this classification, our population of patients showed the next pattern of distribution: 69 (75,8%) are in Engel's class IA, from this group, 36 (52,2%) are children, and 33 (47,8%), adults; 4 adults patients;( 4,4%) are in Engel's class IB, 3 patients (3,3%) in Engel's class IC; 1 (in Engel's class ID(1,1%); 4 adults in Engel's class IIA (4,4%); 5 in Engel's class IIB (5;5%) and 3 (3,3%) in Engel's class IVA; from then, one patient was a child, and underwent the implantation of VNS, the rest were adults. One adult patient committed suicide, one year after surgery (was in Engel's class IA). One patient is on his first post operative year, and then couldn't been included in statistical analysis, because follow up wasn't enough. Conclusion. The MTS is the paradigm of Refractory Epilepsy in the adult population, and in the pediatric subgroup involved a significant percentage: the presurgical evaluation must be exhaustive for adequate selection of cases. The extent of resection should be done with high degree of selectivity. The early diagnosis and treatment can obtain a high index of good results without ictal phenomena and the absence of necessity of antiepileptic drugs.

BACKGROUND: there is no vaccine to prevent dengue till now, so the key to manage the disease is the control of the mosquito at its pre-adult stages. To this end, it is necessary to find alternatives that help in controlling the vector during these life stages. OBJECTIVES: to create a stratification method for the containers used by Ae aegypti for egg-laying, which together with the etiology of the vector, allows analyzing its behaviours in time and space, and also the civil responsibility for the control of vectors. METHODS: the containers reported as positive during the anti-Aegypti campaign were classified in 4 strata; two of them will be formed with the foci from indoor environment whereas the other 2 will have foci from the outdoor environment. Each stratum represents the dynamics of the mosquito breeding, the involvement of the community and the sectors participating in the control. The percentages of containers in the 4 strata were analyzed, as a whole, in each of the 3 groups, on the basis of characteristics of the mosquito to form foci in numerous containers, various containers and in some preferential containers as breeding site. RESULTS: a stratification method was devised for containers used by the mosquito for breeding, taking its function and the environments where they develop. The percentages of foci per stratum-which allows analyzing the mosquito´s behaviour in time and space _ its behaviour inside each environment and stratum, and the preferred containers per stratum were obtained. For each case, the population's participation in the control of the mosquito was inferred. CONCLUSIONS: a comprehensive, dynamic, functional and stratified classification was made available to analyze the vector´s behaviour through the breeding depots and to infer the civil responsibility in the control of the mosquito in its first stages of life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: hasta el momento no existe una vacuna para prevenir el dengue, por tal motivo la piedra angular para evitar la enfermedad es el control del mosquito en sus etapas de preadulto, de aquí la necesidad de buscar alternativas que contribuyan al control del vector en esos estadios de vida. OBJETIVOS: crear un método de estratificación de los depósitos utilizados por Ae. aegypti en la ovipostura, que unido a la etología del mosquito permite analizar su comportamiento en tiempo y espacio y la responsabilidad ciudadana en el control. MÉTODOS: los depósitos reportados positivos por la campaña anti-aegypti se disponen en 4 estratos, 2 de ellos se forman con los focos procedentes del ambiente domiciliario y los 2 restantes con los del extradomiciliario. Cada estrato se corresponde con la dinámica de cría del mosquito, la participación de la comunidad y los sectores involucrados en el control. Los porcentajes de depósitos de los 4 estratos se analizan en su conjunto, en cada uno de los 3 grupos constituidos según las características del mosquito de formar focos en numerosos depósitos, en depósitos diferentes y además ser algunos preferenciales como sitios de cría. RESULTADOS: se crea un método de estratificación de los depósitos utilizados por Ae. aegypti para la cría, atendiendo a su función y a los ambientes en los cuales se desarrolla. Se obtienen los porcentajes de focos por estrato, lo cual permite analizar el comportamiento del mosquito en tiempo y espacio según los ambientes colonizados; el comportamiento dentro de cada ambiente y estrato; y las preferencias de depósitos por estrato. En cada caso se infiere sobre la participación ciudadana en el control del Ae. aegypti. CONCLUSIONES: se dispone de una clasificación estratificada, abarcadora, dinámica y funcional que permite analizar el comportamiento del vector a través de los depósitos de cría e inferir sobre la responsabilidad ciudadana en el control del mosquito en sus primeros estadios.

Objectives: to describe the Mesial Temporal Lobe Sclerosis (MTS), in relation to its anatomical, clinical, iconographic, neurophysiologic, neuropsychologic, and surgical aspects, in reference to the epilepsy cases that needed a surgical resolution. Additionally, It's realized a statistical analysis of our series and its results. Material and Methods: From the series of 469 patients (115 adults and 354 children) operated on between 1989 and 2007, at National Pediátrica Prof Dr. Juan Garrahan, FLENI, Dr. Cosme Argerich, and Prof Dr. R. Rossi Hospitals; who harbored Refractory Epilepsy; were analyzed 91 cases (19,4%) with the diagnosis of MTS; 38 patients belong to the pediatric group and 53 were adults. Results: The results were evaluated by the Engel score. Applying this classification, our population of patients showed the next pattern of distribution: 69 (75,8%) are in Engel's class IA, from this group, 36 (52,2%) are children, and 33 (47,8%), adults; 4 adults patients: ( 4,4%) are in Engel's class IB, 3 patients (3,3%) in Engel's class IC; 1 (in Engel's class ID (1,1%); 4 adults in Engel's class ILA (4,4%); 5 in Engel's class IIB (5:5%) and 3 (3,3%) in Engel's class TVA; from then, one patient was a child, and underwent the implantation of VNS, the rest were adults. One adult patient committed suicide, one year after surgery (was in Engel's class LA). One patient is on his first post operative year, and then couldn't been included in statistical analysis, because follow up wasn't enough. Conclusión: The MTS is the paradigm of Refractory Epilepsy in the adult population, and in the pediatric subgroup involved a significant percentage: the presurgical evaluation must be exhaustive for adequate selection of cases. The extent of resection should be done with high degree of selectivity. The early diagnosis and treatment can obtain a high índex of good results without íctal phenomena and the absence of necessity of antiepileptic drugs.

Objetivo. Describir la Esclerosis Temporal Mesial (ETM) en sus aspectos anatómico, fisiopatológico, clínico, imagenológico, neurofisiológico, neuropsicológico y quirúrgico; y su relación con la epilepsia de resolución quirúrgica. Luego analizar estadísticamente nuestra casuística y resultados. Material y método. De los 469 (115 adultos y 354 niños) pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por presentar epilepsia entre los años 1989-2007 en el Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, FLENI, Hospital Dr. Cosme Argerich y Hospital Prqf. Dr. Rodolfo Rossi, se analizan 91 pacientes(19,4%) con el diagnóstico de ETM; 38 de los cuales (41.75%) son niños y 53 (58.25%) adultos Resultados. Los resultados son evaluados mediante el score de Engel. Aplicando esta clasificación, nuestra población tiene la siguiente distribución: 69 pacientes (75,8 %) se encuentran en clase IA de Engel, de ellos 36 son niños (52,2 %) y 33 adultos (47,8 %); 4 pacientes adultos se encuentran en Engel IB (4,4%), 3 en Engel IC (3,3%), 1 adulto en Engel ID (1,1 %), 4 adultos en Engel IIA (4,4%), 5 adultos en Engel IIB (5,5%) y 3 pacientes en Engel IVA (3,3 %) de ellos 1 niño a quien posteriormente se le implantó un estimulador del nervio vago y los 2 restantes adultos. Un paciente adulto se suicidó luego de un año de la cirugía (en clase IA de Engel). Un paciente se encuentra durante su primer año postoperatorio por lo cual no puede ser incluido aún en la estadística de resultados. Comclusión. La ETM es el paradigma de la epilepsia refractaria en la población adulta y la causa de un porcentaje significativo de pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía. La evaluación prequirúrgica debe ser exhaustiva para lograr la selección del paciente. La resección quirúrgica debe ser realizada con la mayor selectividad posible. El diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz permiten lograr un alto índice de curación.